The Pharaoh’s Treasure: Historical Tidbits

archeology site beside Egyptian pyramids

“In most sciences, one generation tears down what another has built, and what one has established another undoes. In mathematics alone, each generation adds a new story to the old structure.”

—Hermann Hankel

In my old snail-mail Mathematical Adventures newsletter, I used to squeeze bits and snippets into the margins. Quotations, historical tidbits, and small puzzles tangentially related to the main story.

These marginal notes were not simply decoration. Rather, they served the same purpose as the small bumps on a Lego brick, connections on which to build a greater understanding of the world of math.

Thinking about how other people have explored the world of mathematics in the past can offer us new ways of looking at, the things we’re learning today.

Besides, math history is just plain interesting. After all, it’s the story of people just like us, people who wondered, fought, loved, grieved, and lived rich lives—and who played around with math puzzles that we can still enjoy today.

The internet flows like water, however, adjusting content to fit your screen size, which means it doesn’t really have margins to fill. But that’s fine, because it lets me expand the tidbits into a post of their own and include links for further research. You can enjoy my bits and bobs, and then click through to explore on your own.

So let’s turn the clock back a couple thousand years and see what we can find…

Continue reading The Pharaoh’s Treasure: Historical Tidbits

Ostomachion: Divide the Square

archimedes, studying

“Puzzles are made of the things that the mathematician, no less than the child, plays with, and dreams and wonders about, for they are made of things and circumstances of the world he [or she] lives in.”

—Edward Kasner

Long ages ago, one of the greatest mathematicians of all time played with a children’s puzzle.

The puzzle was called “The Ivory Challenge”—or something like that, translations vary. Ostomachion in Greek. Fourteen ivory polygons (flat shapes with straight sides) were supposed to fit into a square box.

Archimedes solved that puzzle. But like any good mathematician, he didn’t stop there. The solution to any puzzle is only the beginning, a doorway to further adventures.

So Archimedes asked himself one of the big questions of mathematics: “How many ways?”

The Ostomachion is a rather complex puzzle, and our students may struggle to figure out where to start. One of the classic tools in any mathematician’s toolbox is to make it simpler. So let’s begin our own investigation with a simpler challenge:

  • How many ways can you bisect a square?

Continue reading Ostomachion: Divide the Square

Thinking Thursday: Mini-Biography 2

Thinking Thursday math journal prompt

Writing to Learn Math: Research prompts help students view math as a human endeavor.

Do you want your children to develop the ability to reason creatively and figure out things on their own?

Help kids practice slowing down and taking the time to fully comprehend a math topic or problem-solving situation with these classic tools of learning: Notice. Wonder. Create.

Continue reading Thinking Thursday: Mini-Biography 2

Puzzle: Patty Paper Trisection

student using drafting tools

One of the great unsolved problems of antiquity was to trisect any angle, to cut it into thirds with only the basic tools of Euclidean geometry: an unmarked straight-edge and a compass.

Like the alchemist’s dream of turning lead into gold, this proved to be an impossible task. If you want to trisect an angle, you have to “cheat.” A straight-edge and compass can’t do it. You have to use some sort of crutch, just as an alchemist would have to use a particle accelerator.

One “cheat” that works is to fold your paper.

I will show you how it works, and your job is to show why.

Continue reading Puzzle: Patty Paper Trisection

Charlotte Mason Math: Living Books

“The Reading Lesson” painting by Jonathan Pratt, public domain

[An addendum to my earlier Charlotte Mason Math series.]

“Our business is to give [children] mind-stuff, and both quality and quantity are essential. Naturally, each of us possesses this mind-stuff only in limited measure, but we know where to procure it; for the best thought the world possesses is stored in books; we must open books to children, the best books; our own concern is abundant provision and orderly serving.”

— Charlotte Mason, Toward A Philosophy of Education

Most homeschool teachers, whatever our curriculum or schooling approach, understand the importance of teaching with living books. We read aloud biographies, historical fiction, or the classics of literature. We scour library shelves for the most creative presentations of scientific topics that interest our children, and encourage our high school students to go back to the original documents whenever possible.

And we teach math with a textbook.

Not that textbooks are inherently bad, because math is an abstract science. We need to meet the ideas  — the “mind-stuff” — of math on their own terms, and textbooks can help with that.

But it’s not enough.

Continue reading Charlotte Mason Math: Living Books

Can You Solve It? The Cyclists’ Feast

English mathematician Henry Ernest Dudeney wrote logic puzzles and mathematical games for several newspapers and magazines, later collected into books. This poem is from Amusements in Mathematics, published by Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1917.

The numbers are simple enough that younger students can solve it by the guess-and-check method. Older students or adults may want to set up a quadratic equation.

Historical Note: In the British currency of the time, there were 12 pennies to a shilling and 20 shillings to a pound (which was also called a sovereign).

The Cyclists’ Feast

’Twas last Bank Holiday, so I’ve been told,
Some cyclists rode abroad in glorious weather.
Resting at noon within a tavern old,
They all agreed to have a feast together.

“Put it all in one bill, mine host,” they said,
“For everyone an equal share will pay.”
The bill was promptly on the table laid,
And four pounds was the reckoning that day.

But, sad to state, when they prepared to square,
’Twas found that two had sneaked outside and fled.
So, for two shillings more than his due share
Each honest friend who had remained was bled.

They settled later with those rogues, no doubt.
How many were they when they first set out?

Did You Solve It?

One fun thing about math is that you really don’t need the answer book. You can always check the math for yourself: Does your answer make sense? Does it fit the story?

Would you like to write a math poem puzzle of your own? I’d love to hear it!

 
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For more ideas on writing math poetry, check out Math Makers: Write a Poem.

This blog is reader-supported.

If you’d like to help fund the blog on an on-going basis, then please join me on Patreon for mathy inspiration, tips, and an ever-growing archive of printable activities.

If you liked this post, and want to show your one-time appreciation, the place to do that is PayPal: paypal.me/DeniseGaskinsMath. If you go that route, please include your email address in the notes section, so I can say thank you.

Which I am going to say right now. Thank you!

“Can You Solve It? The Cyclists’ Feast” copyright © 2023 by Denise Gaskins. Image at the top of the post copyright © yanlev / Depositphotos.

What Are Mixed Numbers?

I just discovered a fascinating fact: In some places in the world, mixed numbers apparently don’t exist.

So that made me curious about my blog readers:

  • Did you learn about mixed numbers in school?
  • Do you ever use mixed numbers in daily life?
  • Are your children learning to work with them?

And if you DO know mixed numbers, can you simplify this mess:

[If you enjoy dry math humor, the answer is worth the work.]

Continue reading What Are Mixed Numbers?

Happy Hamilton Day (Belated)

While searching for posts to add to the Playful Math Carnival, I stumbled on a new-to-me math holiday.

Hamilton Day celebrates mathematical discovery — that “Aha!” moment when your eyes are opened and you see something new.

Or something new-to-you. That’s worth celebrating, too.

History of Hamilton Day

Irish mathematician William R. Hamilton was struggling with a tough math problem in October, 1843. It had him stumped. Then on the 16th, as he walked along Dublin’s Royal Canal with his wife, inspiration struck.

He suddenly realized he could look at the problem from a new direction, and that would make everything fall into place.

“And here there dawned on me the notion that we must admit, in some sense, a fourth dimension of space for the purpose of calculating with triples … An electric circuit seemed to close, and a spark flashed forth.”

—Sir William Rowan Hamilton

In one of the most famous acts of vandalism in math history, Hamilton pulled out a knife and scratched his new equation into the stone of the Broome Bridge: i² = j² = k² = ijk = -1.

Also by Hamilton

“Who would not rather have the fame of Archimedes than that of his conqueror Marcellus?”

—Sir William Rowan Hamilton
quoted in H. Eves, Mathematical Circles Revisited

Why Celebrate Hamilton Day

“So there’s much to celebrate on Hamilton Day. Beyond its utility, we can appreciate mathematics as a human endeavor, with struggles and setbacks and triumphs. We can highlight the opportunity math affords for daring, creativity, and out-of-the-box thinking.

“Hamilton Day could, in other words, pivot away from Pi Day’s gluttony and memorization, neither of which is part of mathematics, toward the intellectual freedom and drama that are.”

— Katharine Merow
Celebrate Hamilton Day, a Better Mathematical Holiday

How Will You Celebrate?

  • Learn about a new-to-you math topic.
  • Work on a tough math problem.
  • Think about different ways to do things.
  • Try a nonstandard approach.
  • Talk about how it feels when you learn something new and it finally makes sense.

I’ve penciled Hamilton Day (October 16) into my calendar for next year.

How about you?

I’d love to hear your ideas for celebrating math! Please share in the comments section below.

 
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This blog is reader-supported.

If you’d like to help fund the blog on an on-going basis, then please join me on Patreon for mathy inspiration, tips, and an ever-growing archive of printable activities.

If you liked this post, and want to show your one-time appreciation, the place to do that is PayPal: paypal.me/DeniseGaskinsMath. If you go that route, please include your email address in the notes section, so I can say thank you.

Which I am going to say right now. Thank you!

“Happy Hamilton Day (Belated)” copyright © 2020 by Denise Gaskins.

Commemorative plaque photo (top) by Cone83, CC BY-SA 4.0. Hamilton portrait by Unknown artist and “Death of Archimedes” by Thomas Degeorge, public domain. All via Wikimedia Commons.

Morning Coffee – 28 October 2019

Morning Coffee image

One of the best ways we can help our children learn mathematics (or anything else) is to always be learning ourselves.

Here are a few stories to enjoy with your Monday morning coffee:

“When you’re working every day, you’re not thinking, ‘What impact is this going to have on the world?’ You’re thinking, ‘I’ve got to get this right.’”

—Gladys West
quoted in Dr. Gladys West: The Black Woman Behind GPS Technology

  • I like to keep a quick game in reserve for spare time in my homeschool co-op class. Kent Haines explains Sprouts and suggests ways to launch math discussions.

“I don’t get irritated by these mistakes. I desperately wait for such mistakes. Yes! Because I think it is a golden opportunity for the teacher to spot a student thinking this way. It presents just the right context and time for driving an enriching mathematical conversation in the whole class.”

—Rupesh Gesota
Part-2: Re-learning and Enjoying Polynomial Division with students

“To teach students SSS congruence without pointing out why this is so interesting is harmful for two reasons. First of all, this is an amazing result. It is the our job to point out amazing results! Triangles are rigid figures in a way that other polygons are not.”

—Rachel Chou
Teaching the Distributive Property

CREDITS: Feature photo (top) by Kira auf der Heide via Unsplash. “Morning Coffee” post format inspired by Nate Hoffelder at The Digital Reader.

Math That Is Beautiful

One of the sections in my book Let’s Play Math: How Families Can Learn Math Together — and Enjoy It encourages parents to make beautiful math with their children.

Do you have trouble believing that math can be beautiful?

In “Inspirations,” artist Cristóbal Vila creates a wonderful, imaginary work studio for the amazing M.C. Escher. You’ll want to view it in full-screen mode.

How many mathematical objects could you identify?

Vila offers a brief explanation of the history and significance of each item on his page Inspirations: A short movie inspired on Escher’s works.

Read about the inspirations, and then try making some math of your own.

“I looked into that enormous and inexhaustible source of inspiration that is Escher and tried to imagine how it could be his workplace, what things would surround an artist like him, so deeply interested in science in general and mathematics in particular. I imagined that these things could be his travel souvenirs, gifts from friends, sources of inspiration…”

—Cristóbal Vila
Inspirations: A short movie inspired on Escher’s works